![]() © 2011 by the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, Inc. The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters. Physicians should consider each patient's situation while keeping in mind that treatment protocols have not been fully defined for most options. There are many methods available to treat SCCIS. Further studies are needed to clarify optimal treatment protocols for nonsurgical methods such as cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and topical chemotherapy. Most studies are small, limiting the power of each. No single treatment can be said to be superior for any one situation. Treatment can involve surgical and nonsurgical methods. It should be treated before invasive cancer develops, especially in transplant recipients, who may develop more aggressive skin cancers. Keywords were "treatment," "Bowen's disease," and "squamous cell carcinoma in situ." Articles describing the use of surgical excision, curettage and electrodesiccation, cryotherapy, 5-fluorouracil, imiquimod, radiation, photodynamic therapy, lasers, and rarer methods were reviewed. Background: Squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS) is thought to be a precursor to squamous cell carcinoma. OBJECTIVE To review the evidence available in the English medical literature for different treatment options of SCCIS on nongenital skin and evaluate the efficacy of each option.Ī Pubmed search of articles describing the treatment of SCCIS was conducted. Quaqua mammillaris or Quaqua pillansii) the other with yellow to cream flowers that are narrower than 25mm.Squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS) is thought to be a precursor to squamous cell carcinoma. The species of the second grouping can in turn be divided into two sections: One with purple to dark-brown flowers that are wider than 25mm (e.g. The species of this genus can be divided into two main groups, based on their floral structure: One group bears flowers singly or in pairs the other bears flowers in clusters of between 4 and 20. Plants of the World Online as of As of January 2023 recognizes the following species: Image Its distribution closely mirrors that of related genus Tromotriche. In distribution, the genus Quaqua is restricted to the western (winter-rainfall) region of South Africa & Namibia. Quaqua ramosa, from the western Karoo, locally called "Ou Ram" ("old ram"), is unusual in having rounded tubercles instead of the typical quaqua spikes The record derives from TPL1. The flowers of other species however, are larger, reaching a maximum diameter of 27 mm and are dark, papillate, and usually have a repulsive odor of urine or excrement. The genus Quaqua is in the family Apocynaceae in the major group Angiosperms by Apocynaceae. The flowers of some species are sweet smelling (faintly of honey or lemon), attractive and rather small (between 7 and 15 mm in diameter). There are often ten along each stem, vertically arranged in distichous series. Quaqua flowers are distinctive from those of other southern African stapeliads for their numerous inflorescences emerging from each stem, especially closer to the ends. A few species lack the spikes or have smoothly rounded tubercles. Species of Quaqua are usually characterised by having stout, firm, 4 or 5-sided stems bearing conical tubercles which often have a tough, tapering spike at their ends. Species of the genus Quaqua are exceptionally varied and endemic to southwestern Africa, and locally very common in Namaqualand. tentaculata (Bruyns) Bruyns: Flowers cream coloured. ![]() aurea (C.A.Lückh.) Bruyns: Hairs found on entire face of corolla, tube not containing entire column. ![]() Quaqua incarnata (L.f.) Bruyns Quaqua incarnata subs. All stapeliads, including Quaqua, are Old World stem succulents. Subspecies, varieties, forms and cultivars of plants belonging to the Quaqua incarnata group. The genus Quaqua falls within the tribe of plants known collectively as stapeliads. Quaqua mammillaris (the "aroena"), a widespread and common species from the south-western Cape.
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